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Current limits on hydrogen blending in natural gas networks and gas demand per capita in selected locations

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Created with Highcharts 9.3.3cubic metersGermanyFranceSpainAustriaLithuaniaSwitzerlandSwitzerla…FinlandNetherlandsNetherla…CaliforniaBelgiumUnited​KingdomJapanLatvia024681012060012001800240030003600
  • Blend limit
  • Blend limit under certain conditions
  • Per capita gas demand (right axis)

IEA total public energy RD&D by technology, 1974-2018

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%

Created with Highcharts 9.3.3NuclearOther power and storageHydrogen and fuel cellsFossil fuelsCross-cuttingRenewable energy sourcesEnergy efficiency197419801990200020102018020406080100
  • Nuclear
  • Other power and storage
  • Hydrogen and fuel cells
  • Fossil fuels
  • Cross-cutting
  • Renewable energy sources
  • Energy efficiency

Energy RD&D budgets by technology in selected IEA countries and the European Union, 2017-2018

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million USD (2018 PPP)

Created with Highcharts 9.3.3FranceEuropean UnionGermanyOther IEA (estimated)20172018201720182017201820172018201720180200040006000800010 00012 000United States
  • Energy efficiency
  • Fossil fuel
  • Renewable energy
  • Nuclear
  • Hydrogen and fuel cells
  • Other power and storage
  • Cross-cutting
  • Unallocated

Global venture capital investment in energy technology companies, 2007-2019

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USD (2018) billion

Created with Highcharts 9.3.3Avg. 2007-11Avg. 2007-…H1 2012H2 2012H1 2013H2 2013H1 2014H2 2014H1 2015H2 2015H1 2016H2 2016H1 2017H2 2017H1 2018H2 2018H1 2019012345
  • Transport
  • Solar
  • Bioenergy
  • Other renewables
  • Energy efficiency
  • Energy storage
  • hydrogen
  • fuel cells

Current policy support for hydrogen deployment, 2018

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Created with Highcharts 9.3.3Number of countriesPassenger carsVehicle refuelling stationsBusesElectrolysersTrucksBuildings heat and powerPower generationIndustryOther fleet vehicles012345678910111213141516
  • Incentives without targets
  • Targets without incentives
  • Combined incentives with targets

Global demand for pure hydrogen, 1975-2018

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Mt

Created with Highcharts 9.3.31975198019851990199520002005201020152018e01020304050607080
  • Refining
  • Ammonia
  • Other

Hydrogen production costs by production source, 2018

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USD/kg

Created with Highcharts 9.3.3Natural gasNatural gas with CCUSCoalRenewables012345678

Capacity of new projects for hydrogen production for energy and climate purposes, electrolytic hydrogen, 2000-2018

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MW H2 output

Created with Highcharts 9.3.320002002200420062008201020122014201620180510152025
  • Industrial feedstocks
  • Vehicles
  • Gas grid injections
  • Electricity storage
  • Heat

Capacity of new projects for hydrogen production for energy and climate purposes, fossil fuel with CO2 capture, 2000-2018

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MW H2 output

Created with Highcharts 9.3.320002002200420062008201020122014201620180100200300400500600700800

Hydrogen production costs using natural gas in selected regions, 2018

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USD/kgH

Created with Highcharts 9.3.3EuropeRussiaChinaMiddle Eastno CCUSwith CCUSno CCUSwith CCUSno CCUSwith CCUSno CCUSwith CCUSno CCUSwith CCUS00.511.522.5United States
  • CAPEX
  • OPEX
  • Natural gas

Limits on hydrogen blending in natural gas networks, 2018

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%

Created with Highcharts 9.3.3% hydrogen by volumeGermany*FranceSpainAustriaSwitzerlandLithuania*FinlandNetherlands*JapanUnited KingdomBelgiumCalifornia01234567891011
  • All gas
  • Allowable under certain circumstances

Allowed sulphur content in oil products, 2018

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Created with Highcharts 9.3.3million tonnes per yearmb/d20062008201020122014201620182020202204812162024287278849096102108114
  • Allowed sulphur content in refined products
  • Oil demand (right axis)
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