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Data and statistics

IEA renewable electricity capacity forecast revisions for the European Union and selected countries, December 2021 - December 2022

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%

Created with Highcharts 9.3.3GermanySpainPolandNetherlandsItalyOther EU0102030405060708090100

Average yearly CAPEX investment in clean energy technology supply chain capacity by technology category in the Net Zero Scenario, 2016-2030

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USD billion

Created with Highcharts 9.3.32016-20212023-20300255075100125150175
  • Copper mining
  • Other critical mineral mining
  • Critical mineral processing
  • Clean technology manufacturing

Cumulative CAPEX investment in clean energy technology supply chain capacity by technology category in the Net Zero Scenario, 2023-2030

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USD billion

Created with Highcharts 9.3.32023-20300200400600800100012001400
  • Copper mining
  • Other critical mineral mining
  • Critical mineral processing
  • Clean technology manufacturing

Average annual material needs for power transmission and distribution lines in the Net Zero Scenario, 2012-2050

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Mt

Created with Highcharts 9.3.32012-20212022-20302031-20402041-20500510152025303540
  • Copper
  • Aluminium

Average annual material needs for power transformers in the Net Zero Scenario, 2012-2050

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Mt

Created with Highcharts 9.3.32012-20212022-20302031-20402041-2050010203040
  • Electrical steel
  • Construction steel
  • Copper
  • Aluminium
  • Transformer oil
  • Insulation materials
  • Other

Geographic concentration by supply chain segment, 2021

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%

Created with Highcharts 9.3.3Supply chain segmentLargest producing countryElectrolysersHeat pumpsSolar PVWindBatteriesSteelCementAluminiumCopperLithiumNickelCobaltCopperLithiumNickelCobaltChinaChinaChinaChinaChinaChinaChinaChinaChinaChinaChinaChinaChileAustraliaIndonesiaCongo05101520253035404550556065707580859095100ManufacturingBulk material productionCritical minerals productionCritical minerals mining
  • Largest producing country
  • Second-largest
  • Third-largest
  • Other countries

Required investment to meet minerals demand in the Net Zero Scenario, 2022-2030

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%

Created with Highcharts 9.3.3Required investment: 360-450 USD billionCopper - AnnouncedCopper - Investment gapLithium - AnnouncedLithium - Investment gapNickel - AnnouncedNickel - Investment gapCobalt - AnnouncedCobalt - Investment gap

Elements that can already be expected to fill part of the European Union supply-demand gap

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bcm

Created with Highcharts 9.3.3Solar PV and windNuclear and​hydropowerFuel switchingBuildings efficiencyHeat pumpsBiomethane02468101214

Baseline level of gas supply available to the European Union in 2023

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bcm

Created with Highcharts 9.3.3PipelineLiquified natural gasDomestic production0255075100125150175
  • Norway
  • North Africa
  • United Kingdom
  • Azerbaijan
  • 2022 Liquified natural gas imports
  • New capacity available
  • Natural gas
  • Biomethane

Assessment of the natural gas balance of the European Union in case of total cut-off of Russian flows and limited LNG availability in 2023

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bcm

Created with Highcharts 9.3.3Supply-demand gapBaseline demandSupply-demand gapBaseline supply0100200300400
  • Baseline demand
  • Supply-demand gap
  • LNG
  • Pipeline imports
  • Domestic production

Additional levels of European Union gas demand in 2023 above demand in 2022

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bcm

Created with Highcharts 9.3.32022 demandTemperature adjustmentIndustry demand​destructionExports to Ukraine and​Moldova2023 baseline demand300320340360380400420

Lithium production, 2021, and projected demand in climate-driven scenarios, 2030

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kt

Created with Highcharts 9.3.32030 APS2030 NZE0100200300400500600700800
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